Preview

Informatics in school

Advanced search
No 5 (2024)
View or download the full issue PDF (Russian)

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕТОДИКИ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАТИКЕ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ШКОЛЕ

5-11 227
Abstract

The article discusses the applications of Cognitive Load Theory in the design of tasks and educational materials for programming. It describes Cognitive Load Theory as a theory of instructional design, grounded in cognitive psychology, specifically the Atkinson—Shiffrin three-component model and Baddeley's working memory model. The article also defines cognitive load and its categories, as well as other important concepts. Key cognitive effects described by Cognitive Load Theory, such as the split-attention effect, modality effect, collective working memory effect, and worked-example effect, are examined. Practical examples of their application in the design of educational materials for programming are provided, demonstrating how they help reduce cognitive load through the use of visualization, commenting, and pair programming. Special attention is given to Parson's problems, which help reduce extraneous cognitive load and focus the student's attention on the key instructional aspects of the task.

12-18 119
Abstract

The article substantiates the need to use visual forms of presenting educational material, taking into account the characteristics of the modern generation of students. The description and requirements for the creation of such visual forms of presenting educational material as videos and reference schemes are given, their didactic potential is noted: communication and systematization of educational information; formation of visual representations of phenomena, events and facts; increasing the information density of classes due to accelerated delivery of information; ensuring the emotional richness of educational material and the formation on this basis of a positive attitude of students; individualization of the learning process. A description of the complex of visual teaching aids “Beginnings of Python programming” is given, including videos and reference schemes. An example of a combined lesson scenario with the comprehensive use of a video and reference schemes is given.

19-22 120
Abstract

The advent of artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, has radically transformed the educational landscape, providing students with powerful tools to complete written assignments, communicate asynchronously, answer questions, and grade exams and tests. While these technologies provide new opportunities for learning and creativity, they also raise valid concerns about academic integrity and increased student cheating. The example of ChatGPT examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the educational process in the specific context of increasing risks associated with academic dishonesty, the possibility of developing strategies for identifying works created using AI, as well as creating methods to combat student dishonesty. Examples of dishonest behavior of students with negative and positive reactions from teachers are given.

23-29 94
Abstract

Implementing intra-subject relations allows to partially reduce the severity in contradiction between the information richness of the course of informatics and present duration of study. The article proposes to use an associative approach to determine intra-subject relations, when association refers to the form of mental processes organization that they take at the final stage of their formation. Since local associations tend to "fade", it is necessary to include them in association systems of different levels. It is justified to include private-system associations formed during the study of the theme "Number systems" into the structure of associations formed during programming training. The article contains examples of tasks for various themes in the section "Algorithms and programming", involving operation with numbers in various number systems. The criterion for the formation of various associative relations can be methods for students to solve sums for analyzing the finished program.

30-36 87
Abstract

The article examines the mechanism of formation of planned personal and meta-subject results in the context of the development of reading and digital literacy in the framework of studying the theme "Text documents" of the informatics course of the 7th grade. The connection between the academic subject "Informatics" and key meta-subject results at the level of basic general education is emphasized. The complexity of the formation of individual personal results is noted due to the small connection with the subject content. The problem of creating motivation, which is solved using case technology, is also noted. A group of training tasks is proposed that form these results. The expediency of introducing such tasks used to consolidate the subject results of the informatics course of the 7th grade is determined. A sample solution (in several forms) is proposed for each of the above tasks, as well as a list of personal and meta-subject results to be formed. Conclusions are drawn about the usefulness of using this approach and the possibility of scaling tasks in order to improve the level of digital literacy of schoolchildren and their educational results

37-42 98
Abstract

The article is devoted to the main issues of safe behavior of schoolchildren of grades 7–9 in social networks. The relevance of teaching schoolchildren about safe behavior in social networks is substantiated. The description of the extracurricular activity course for basic school students “Your personal safety in social networks” is proposed, aimed at forming safe behavior in the social network among schoolchildren. The content is presented and examples of practical tasks are given that a teacher can use when organizing classes with students, both during regular and after-school hours. Issues such as: protection of a profile on a social network; content posted on the network; media literacy; network etiquette and communication; bullying and cyberbullying; fraud; protection of one’s rights and mental health support are disclosed. The research task “The dangers that lie in wait for us on social networks” is considered in detail.

43-47 80
Abstract

The article describes the relationship of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired at informatics lessons at school with the competencies of specialists in the printing industry. It refers to printing as one of the most important areas in which information technology is widely used. Such concepts as "computer graphics", "prepress", "postpress" are considered. One of the approaches to studying the concept of "raster dot" is considered. Examples of professional software products that are used both in the school informatics course and in professional printing are given. A list of themes for conducting informatics classes is proposed — a course of extracurricular activities or an additional education unit. The importance of high-quality training of students at informatics lessons, in extracurricular activities and group work of the block of additional education is emphasized.

48-53 81
Abstract

The article discusses a game approach to teaching primary schoolchildren to solve non-standard strategic problems using computer interactive models of such problems. Various forms of description of winning strategies are offered: tables, chains, graphs and flowcharts. The basic concepts of game theory necessary for teaching primary schoolchildren to solve non-standard strategic problems are considered. Using the example of four non-standard problems, various approaches to organizing the activities of primary schoolchildren to develop winning strategies are described, based on an analysis of the problem from the end and using the example of a strategy of addition to a fixed number. The authors assign a special role in organizing such activities in primary school to the use of computer models of strategic problems for inclusion in a game situation and for providing children with the opportunity to analyze the opponent's winning strategy embedded in the computer program.

54-63 94
Abstract

The article presents the results of the analysis of publications in some scholarly journals on the theory and methodology of teaching informatics  — competencies that a modern informatics teacher should have are identified: the ability to expand and fill with new content the goal-setting system, the process of implementing interdisciplinary project activities of students; readiness to form knowledge and skills in communicating with students and organizing various types of student cooperation at different stages of an informatics lesson; the ability to predict learning outcomes and assess the need for appropriate modern didactic materials and means of teaching students informatics in the context of the digital transformation of society. For their formation, a necessary condition is the ability of students to design lesson plans. For this purpose, an electronic application was developed. The authors' vision of the presentation of sections of the electronic learning tool is given (sections "Introduction to app", "Formation of individual elements of the lesson plan", "Designing the content of the lesson plan", "My notes"). The system of tasks and exercises for step-by-step teaching of students to construct informatics lesson plans is described. The task is considered as a comprehensive development of a complete informatics lesson plan or its fragment based on the didactic materials presented in the electronic learning tool. Each exercise is an indication of a certain set of actions that must be performed in order to implement a portion of the overall plan. Examples of recommendations of how to assess student works are also provided.

64-72 144
Abstract

The article discusses the issues of familiarizing students with the basics of artificial intelligence in the process of organizing programming training in extracurricular activities, as well as the opportunities provided by the PictoBlox programming environment in the process of organizing programming training in extracurricular activities for fifth- and sixth-grade students. A brief overview of this programming environment is given, the process of creating projects using machine learning and artificial intelligence is considered. Examples of projects that use elements of machine learning and artificial intelligence are given. The materials of the article will introduce informatics teachers and teachers of additional education to the main methodological approaches to using the PictoBlox programming environment in the educational process and will contribute to the organization of extracurricular activities using this software.

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

73-77 85
Abstract

The article considers the problem of information security in the context of fundamental challenges of digital society and tasks of modern education. The main emphasis is on understanding the mechanisms of information threats and developing a strategy for protecting against these threats.

The following aspects of information security are considered: the phenomenon of Personal Identity Online and threats to the human personality emanating from social networks, gadgets, smartphones, etc.; social information technologies with a hidden purpose; artificial intelligence, its technological and ideological contexts. The methodology of analyzing information threats is based on identifying three key components of information: record, meaning, subject's attitude. This allows us to consider various phenomena of the information society from a common point of view. The issues of studying the basics of information and mental security within the framework of different academic subjects are discussed.

TEACHING PRACTICES

78-84 98
Abstract

In modern school education the problem of teaching schoolchildren technologies for collecting, analyzing and protecting their own digital footprint and forming appropriate components of digital literacy is being actualized. The elective course "My digital footprint" includes the following topics: "The concept of a digital footprint", "Cyber hygiene in working with big data", "The extraction and analysis of one's digital footprint". The laboratory works "Analyzing your own digital footprint" and "Analyzing the digital footprint using auto[1]mated tools" are described. The examples of practical tasks for analyzing life situations are presented. The elective course has an aim to form the subject results of the components of schoolchildren's digital literacy such as: understanding the essence of the concept "digital footprint", knowing the structure and composition of personal data the digital footprint consists of, forming the ability to identify and analyze their own digital footprint, possession of skills to manage their digital footprint.

FINAL CERTIFICATION IN INFORMATICS

85-94 106
Abstract

The recursive function for solving task 23 on dynamic programming of the Informatics Unified State Exam is used by examinees without a deep understanding of the principles of its operation: with the formed skill of its use, the necessary knowledge is missing, which is an knowledgeless form of competence. Understanding the principles of the program code and the transition from the knowledgeless form to full-fledged competencies (information, digital, mathematical, programming) will allow students to gain deeper knowledge of the theory of recursive functions, to form skills and attitudes in the field of solving dynamic programming problems at a higher level, which can lead to improved educational results, understanding of dynamic programming methods used, including Unified State Exam tasks and informatics Olympiads. To form the knowledge component of the competence, it is proposed to build, study and use call trees of the recursive function, created in the Observable programming environment, as well as study memorization as a key difference between the dynamic programming method and recursion.



Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2221-1993 (Print)