ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
TEACHING PRACTICES
The article examines the potential of the subject "Informatics" in the field of upbringing, provides opinions on this issue of teachers-researchers, and presents options for work in various areas of the upbringing process.
As a factor in the formation of patriotic and spiritual-moral upbringing, the problem of choosing between proprietary and free software is considered. The article compares the main functions and interface elements of the Russian word processor R7-Office and the Microsoft Word program in the context of teaching the theme "Processing text information" and the rejection of foreign proprietary software.
Using the example of the word processor R7-Office, the content of a series of practical works is described, aimed at developing typing skills on the keyboard, inserting graphic elements and formulas into a text document, as well as upbringing of pupils in various areas.
The article presents a master class for teachers on the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks for project activities. During the master class, the authors of the article share their personal experience and introduce participants to examples of using the capabilities of artificial intelligence in project research activities. Participants of the master class get acquainted with the main trends and well-known examples of using neural networks and artificial intelligence in life; master services based on artificial intelligence for use in project activities; acquire practical skills in working with neural networks; learn to distinguish a product created by a person from a product created by artificial intelligence. The article presents a detailed plan of the master class, including examples of tasks, exercises and recommendations for using modern interactive tools for working on a research project. The proposed material is intended to help teachers implement innovative methods of working with artificial intelligence and neural networks in their students' projects.
Involving students in project activities within the framework of subject teaching is one of the generally recognized means of developing functional literacy, since the solution to a project task consists of creating a practically significant product based on the integrated application of the acquired knowledge.
Spreadsheets are one of the software products that are widely used in various areas of practical activity. That is why entire training modules of work programs in informatics at both basic and advanced levels are devoted to studying their capabilities. One of these capabilities is the presence of an internal programming language for creating macros.
The article presents an example of the topic of educational projects, which has a virtually unlimited field for variations. We are talking about involving students in activities to recreate (and sometimes improve) online monocalculators in a spreadsheet to solve typical practical problems.
Today, one of the most important tasks of Russian education is the popularization of engineering and technological knowledge among schoolchildren, the professional orientation of young people to obtain engineering specialties. Such guidelines for the education system are due to the particular importance of engineering training for the Russian economy, and the increased attention of the state to the scientific and technological literacy of young people.
On September 1, 2022, a new Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education came into force, and for students in 5–9th grades the study of robotics became mandatory in the discipline "Technology" (previously, children studied robotics only in clubs and engineering lyceums).
For more effective development of robotics and mastering the basics of engineering sciences, we propose to include an integrated robotics module in the study of the "Algorithms and programming" section of the informatics course. Teaching robotics at informatics lessons can be implemented using the TRIK Studio environment and/or based on the Arduino platform to develop the foundations of engineering thinking.
The article presents materials for conducting lessons in the TRIK Studio environment, and also describes projects that can be implemented on the Arduino platform.
When studying programming, it is advisable to combine systematic training and project activities of students. At informatics lessons, students get acquainted with the basic algorithmic structures and data structures. As part of the work on an individual project, the experience of organizing students to study the possibilities of various libraries is interesting. The article presents methodological recommendations for the organization of three individual projects, the result of which is: a program that allows you to generate texts — award documents; program — generator of independent works; timetable for classes according to a ready-made schedule for teachers. Projects have different complexity and can be offered to students in 9th–10th grades.
The article offers reference material for introducing students to the basic capabilities of the py-docx module, defines the aims and criteria for evaluating projects, gives an approximate work plan for the project, and provides examples of possible results of project activities.
Interest in neural networks is huge today. Neural networks are used by schoolchildren, students, and teachers to solve their problems. In accordance with the federal project "Artificial Intelligence", many universities include disciplines on artificial intelligence and neural networks in their educational programs, organize advanced training courses for teachers on this theme. The article discusses the main approaches to teaching students of pedagogical specialties neural networks. An approach based on the study of the principles of neural networks using online services for training artificial intelligence models is proposed. A comparison of services by functionality and ease of use is given. The experience of students studying the training program 44.03.05 "Pedagogical education (with two training profiles)" in the process of teaching neural networks using the online service Teachable Machine is described.
The approach to the study of neural networks described in the article may be of interest to teachers for organizing educational and extracurricular activities to introduce schoolchildren to the work of neural networks and organizing project activities of students using neural networks.
FINAL CERTIFICATION IN INFORMATICS
The article shows how knowledge of a spreadsheet will allow a school graduate to successfully pass the Unifi State Exam in informatics. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that solving some problems in a spreadsheet gives a more visual result than, for example, when using programming languages, since it allows you to visualize the solution, making it more understandable for students. When using a spreadsheet, it is enough to know its built-in functions studied in the school informatics course, as well as functions from the Text category, which can be studied by students independently or under the guidance of a teacher, for example, in optional or elective courses. An analysis of some Unifi State Exam tasks solved in a spreadsheet is given. The procedure for solving tasks is described. Cases are separately indicated when the complication of the problem leads to the inefficiency of using a spreadsheet.
ИНФОРМАТИКА И ИКТ В НАЧАЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЕ
The importance of early development of engineering skills in children is due to the need to achieve a solution to one of the strategic tasks associated with strengthening scientific and technological sovereignty and accelerated growth of the manufacturing industry in Russia. That is why an active search is currently underway for effective methods and means of developing engineering skills in children, starting from preschool age and throughout the entire period of study in educational institutions. The article considers the issues of developing engineering skills in preschool and primary school children: the concept of engineering skills; skills formed in extracurricular activities and in classes/lessons in kindergarten and primary school; stages of development of engineering skills in children (preparatory, development of spatial representations, fine motor skills of hands, graphomotor and construction skills).